Parallax

The parallax can be used to measure the distance to the few stars which are close enough to the Sun to show a measurable parallax. The distance to the star is inversely proportional to the parallax. The distance to the star in parsecs is given by The nearest star is proxima centauri, which exhibits a parallax of 0.762 arcsec, and therefore is 1.31 parsecs away.

Distance Units

The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is a natural distance unit and is called an Astronomical Unit (AU).

The light year (ly) is another often used distant unit

An often preferrable large distance unit is the parsec (pc) , the distance at which one AU would subtend a second of arc:

Proper Motion

The change in a star's position in the sky as a result of its true motion through space is called proper motion. This is distinguished from the annual apparent motion in the sky caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This apparent motion permits distance measurement by parallax.

The largest proper motion is exhibited by Barnard's Star which is about 5.9 light years from the Earth. Barnard Star's proper motion is 10.3 arcseconds per year, taking only 200 years to travel the angular diameter of the moon across the sky.

Time Units

The sidereal year = 365.2564 mean solar days = 365d 6h 9m 10s

The tropical year = 365.2422 mean solar days = 365d 5h 48m 46s

The tropical year is different from the sidereal year because of the precession of the Earth.

Magnitude

Magnitude is a historical unit of stellar brightness and is defined such that a change of 5 magnitudes represents a factor of 100 in intensity. First magnitude was supposed to be the brightness of the brightest stars, but with quantitative measurement some stars were found to be brighter than those used for the standard. The definition of magnitude above reduces to the following expression for change in magnitude:

Magnitude Examples

The magnitude is a comparative stellar brightness scale. First magnitude was supposed to be the brightness of the brightest stars, but with quantitative measurement some stars were found to be brighter than those used for the standard. About 6th magnitude represents the faintest stars which can be seen by the unaided eye. Some other examples are: